It’s important to understand that the TCP Reference Model doesn’t really concern itself with the OSI Model. With TCP traffic, the connections are established at the transport layer .

The layers, and what they represent, are as follows: Layer 7: Application. The Application Layer in the OSI model is the layer that is the “closest to the end user”.

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4. To understand network communications, it is essential to learn about the ...

Waves founder Sasha Ivanov is gearing up for what he believes to be the “end game for layer-2 scalability” as he pushes through with a new blockchain protocol called Units.