This new algorithm replaces the traditional forward and backward passes of backpropagation with two forward passes: one using positive (i.e. real) data and another using negative data. Each layer in ...

The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the forward computation are unknown.

The backpropagation algorithm needs to be implemented in our code to evaluate the gradient. Note that the number of input nodes in the neural network here is three, corresponding to the two principal ...

Dynamical networks are versatile models that describe a variety of behaviours such as synchronisation and feedback in networks of coupled dynamical components. However, applying these models in real ...

Turing Award winner and deep learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton, one of the original proponents of backpropagation, has argued in recent years that backpropagation does not explain how the brain works.