Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

In Easterly’s telling, Hayek and Myrdal represent the advocates of bottom-up and top-down development, respectively, and an exploration of their diametrically opposed approaches is a central part of ...

Top-down mass spectrometry offers the ability to sequence intact proteins—post-translational modifications and all—but is not yet a high-throughput method. As the well-established 'bottom-up' ...

it is limited commercially to the production of masks for use in photo- and nanoimprint lithography and device development. In contrast to the deterministic nature of top-down processes, bottom-up ...

as well as in device development. While top-down nanotechnology excels in precision and integration with current manufacturing processes, bottom-up approaches offer advantages in terms of material ...