Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

Bottom-up techniques do not require the expensive and sophisticated tooling often associated with top-down nanofabrication ... through chemical reactions that allow for the precise control of size, ...

Top-down nanotechnology represents a traditional approach to nanofabrication, contrasting with the atom-by-atom assembly characteristic of bottom-up methods. This technique involves starting with a ...