For the past two decades, the scientific community has debated the wellspring of the toxic proteins at the source of Parkinson's disease. In 2003, a German pathologist, Heiko Braak, MD ...

Stop the Spread. Injecting saline into mouse kidneys did not affect the left or right substantia nigra (top). Injecting fibrils of α-synuclein ablated about half of the dopaminergic neurons (middle ...