A programming language structure wherein the data and their associated processing ("methods") are defined as self-contained entities called "objects." Becoming popular in the early 1990s and the ...

data processing using pandas dataframes; principles of object-oriented programming including objects, classes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism; principles of functional ...

and data input-output operations using file systems and operating system standard input-output; principles of object-oriented programming including objects, classes, methods, encapsulation, ...