Contemporary logic circuits use MOSFETs as the elements to build gates, but there are many ways to implement them. Using relays is one of them, and you can literally see how they work.

the circuits are identical. I drew one clock, but in real life, each would probably have its own private clock, since one clock is a single point of failure. The logic only uses NAND gates ...

We used an Arduino program to execute ... blocks that can be configured to operate as logic gates. It’s therefore suitable for constructing the circuit's functions. The logic function XNOR ...

The machine uses a ‘grbl’ controller, which has an Arduino-based ... 0V + 5V logic signal for driving other laser modules Possibly a direct 5V pwm signal from the ATmega MCU output (that can provide ...

“In this paper, we propose a non-traditional design of dynamic logic circuits using Fully-Depleted Silicon on Insulator (FDSOI) FETs. FDSOI FET allows the threshold voltage ( V t) to be adjustable ...

Reversible logic gates are essential for future designs as they reduce circuit entanglement and maintain information integrity. These gates map input patterns to unique output patterns, reducing area ...