The operational amplifier, or op amp ... This means that the internal circuits have been adjusted to run at a higher bandwidth, but also that the op amp cannot be used in the unity-gain ...

You need a TVS diode because many voltage regulators do not have the ability to sink current, nor can they respond fast ...

A Thermocouple is a terrific way to measure temperature. The effects of temperature change on dissimilar metals produces a measurable voltage. But to make that measurement you need an amplifier ...