As many of us know an Integrated Circuit or IC is a combination of many small circuits in a small package which together performs a task. Like an Operational Amplifier or 555 Timer IC is built by ...

Circuit Diagram and Components Required. The list of components required to build an AND gate using an NPN transistor are listed as follows:. Two NPN transistors. (You can also use PNP transistor if ...

The NAND gate outputs LOW only if all inputs are HIGH. Otherwise, the output is HIGH. Circuit Diagram: Operation: The two transistors are connected in series. For current to flow from Vcc through the ...

Abstract: this research paper analyzes optimization of different combinational logic circuits (AND gate, OR gate, multiplexer, de-multiplexer) using Pass Transistor Logic Configuration (PTL) and CMOS ...

Logic gates are the building blocks of electronic circuits that perform basic operations such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. They can be implemented using different types of ...

Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of a 2-input AND gate, a 2-input NAND gate. As illustrated, transistors modulate current flow, while diodes ensure current travels in a single direction. (Image: ...

Transistors are essential components of many electronic devices and circuits, such as amplifiers, switches, and logic gates. To design and test transistor circuits, you need to use software tools ...

Shown in (a) and (b) are schematic diagrams (left) depicting the operating principles and experimentally measured output resistances (right) of a p-type pass-transistor (a) in the ON state, that ...