The conventional Newton method faces plenty of challenges in calculating the power flow in AC/DC hybrid systems. This paper initially establishes a unified model for AC-DC systems to enable uniform ...

3) The original heating network power flow equation is a nonlinear equation. The coupling relationship between temperature and flow is strong and contains an exponential equation, making the ...

In the rectangular coordinate system, the power flow equation is in quadratic form, and its Taylor expansion can be exactly expanded to the third term. Further, two improved algorithms, the retaining ...