Study fundamental concepts on which programming of languages are based, and execution models supporting them. Topics include values, variables, bindings, type systems, control structures, exceptions, ...

A programming language that is a machine independent and not tied to a specific CPU family. The source code of such a language is converted into machine language with software called a "compiler." ...

Like human languages, each programming language has its own grammar and syntax, and there can be dialects, each requiring its own assemblers and compilers. Standards have been set by ANSI for many ...