It describes the forces and behavior of the Universe’s fundamental particles: quarks, leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is ...

The underlying theoretical construct in particle physics is called the Standard Model and it contains 6 quarks, 6 leptons, 4 gauge bosons, and one scalar boson (the Higgs boson), which interact ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

Countless neutrinos fly through you every second! Neutrinos, a category of leptons, have no electric charge and do not feel the strong interactions that bind the quarks into protons and neutrons.

First, the spectrum of electrons and positrons generated by dark matter is generally too soft unless the annihilations proceed mostly to leptons (the ... rather than to quarks, gauge bosons ...

This includes leptons (such as the electron), the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and gauge bosons, which mediate forces between the other particles.

Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles. All hadrons are made of quarks (which can only ...