Any of the following were criteria for inclusion in the study: 1) a renal pelvic stone with complications, such as nephroptosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), or retrocaval ureter ...
Additionally, a case report highlighted a rare condition known as retrocaval ureter, which can lead to similar urinary issues in dogs [3]. This condition involves the ureter passing behind the ...
For patients with UPJO, retrocaval ureter and nephroptosis, laparoscopic treatment has obvious merits over other minimally invasive methods. We removed obstructions of the urinary tract by ...