Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

For the best experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser settings. Bottom-up model proponent DP William Ruto. [Kipsang Joseph, Standard] Development from ...

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...