Classes, fields, methods, constructors, and objects are the building blocks ... 3.0, 4.0 }); Java 5 introduced a variable arguments (varargs) feature to reduce the clutter when passing an array ...

an object reference is created in Java’s memory heap. This lets us modify objects using their reference variables. See my InfoWorld article, Does Java pass by reference or pass by value?

See also: Understanding variables in Java This is why it’s useful ... As long as you remember that the object is null! The reason that null pointer exceptions are so unpopular in Java is that ...

When creating copies of arrays or objects one can make a deep copy or a shallow copy. This explanation uses arrays. Recall array variables in Java are references (some folks say pointers, but there ...

That means instance variables are assigned as follows: The class in this example only defines properties. It contains no explicitly defined Java constructors. When no explicitly defined constructors ...