Learn how this popular Python library accelerates math at scale, ... NumPy provides a specialized array type that is optimized to work with machine-native numerical types such as integers or floats.

Values can be strings, integers, floats, booleans, various types of date-time values, and two special kinds of values called arrays and inline tables. ... As of Python 3.11, ...

Not sure about rational support, but SmallTalk and ABC (predecessor to Python) have 'exact' or something, at least for integers, so you can do silly things like 1000!, if you have enough memory ...