DBMS implemant with complex data structure and logic which is user can not understand easily. Also understanding the how DBMS process the data is more complex so developers hide this thing from user.

External Level another name is view level. Also it is Top Level. In here user see the data which is come from database by conceptual and internal level. User dose not need to know the database schema ...

Merv Adrian, Research Analyst with Gartner Group. interviews with host: Jim Love, CIO, IT World Canada We have a wide ranging discussion on the current and future state of DBMS systems, on Big ...

Abstract: Motivated by the practical demands for simplification of data toward being consistent with human thinking and problem-solving, as well as tolerance of uncertainty, information granules are ...

Abstract: Several DBMS engines use Read Committed (RC) as a default isolation level, risking the loss of data integrity but allowing more concurrency. We propose ways to preanalyse (and then modify) ...

In this article, I present the Data Abstraction Penalty (DAP) Benchmark for small objects in Java. The DAP Benchmark consists of 13 tests that perform the same calculation. Test zero is written in the ...