The takeaway: every bar graph needs a zero on its scale. If you see one without a zero, be careful. In a future post I'll discuss whether line graphs and other graphs also need a zero on their scales.

We discuss a comment on a previous post stating that the text of labels on the vertical axis of graphs must be horizontal by discussing the pros and cons of four possible positions for these labels.

The graph does not label the y-axis (the vertical axis) and also “truncates” it – a practice which makes changes appear bigger than they actually are. In addition to this, ...

With two axes, trend lines can be exaggerated and manipulated, as most people ignore the axis labels that put the numbers in context. "It forces your brain to see a relationship that isn’t there ...