For example, in some software, you can create a new ladder diagram file and assign it as a subroutine or a function. In others, you can use a specific instruction or block to define a subroutine ...

The blocks are connected by wires that carry data from one block to another. Function block diagrams (FBDs) improve PLC programming by offering a visual representation of control logic.

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This project focuses on provided a quick simulator for Function Block Diagrams (FBD) for IEC1131 programming of process control equipment. Process control equipment is used in manufacturing and ...

The basic principle of IEC-1131 is that a programmer can develop a control algorithm (referred to as a "Project") using any combination of five control languages; Instruction List, Structured Text, ...

This article describes the first of two complementary methods for test case generation for Function Block Diagram (FBD) models and grey-box testing. The first method utilises predefined tested ...

However, there is no reason to assume that an attacker would not be interested in hiding malicious payload into a PLC program before it is compiled to machine code.In this paper, I present five ...