Called primitive types, integral and floating point types are the simplest data ... In Java, encapsulation basically translates to this simple guideline: “Don’t access your object’s data ...

Even the most complicated classes in Java can be flattened down to nothing more than the set of primitive data types they represent. But primitive types aren’t objects, and that presents a problem.

Becoming popular in the early 1990s and the norm today, object-oriented programming (OOP) languages, such as C++ and Java ... functions to the data. These user-defined data types are called ...