The sensor in question produces a relatively tiny voltage of -0.414 to +0.414 volts, and requires a very high input impedance. A FET input op-amp is selected, with the ground of the sensor shifted ...

Adding a boost circuit to an HCP design ... using high-current Howland Current Pumps (HCPs) instead of OTA ICs. The standard textbook HCP, known as an Improved HCP when R4 > 0, uses a conventional ...

Benefits of using an indirect current-mode instrumentation amplifier for large differential offsets. Design specs for a low ... amps composed of two or three op amps. Good gain drift performance ...