In a closed-loop setup, the engine circulates engine coolant (typically a 50-50 mix of antifreeze and distilled water) through its water jacket, just like a car engine. Instead of dumping raw ...

An open-loop cooling system, also called raw water cooling, draws water directly from the body of water the boat is floating in, whether it's saltwater or freshwater. That water is pulled through ...

This transfer function has a pole that can be in either the left-half plane or right-half plane, and captures the sample-and-hold effect accurately, enabling the characterization of the current-loop ...

A new methodology for designing fractional-N frequency synthesizers and other phase locked loop (PLL) circuits is presented. The approach achieves direct realization of the desired closed loop PLL ...