Imperative programming is a paradigm that focuses on how to perform a task ... the desired result. For example, in a declarative language, you might write a function that maps over an array ...

Procedures perform a specific task but do not return a value. Functions manipulate data ... variable name again in other parts of the program. For example, the same variable name could be used ...

Key fact Procedures perform a specific task but do not return a value. Functions manipulate data and return a value to the main program.

In this article, therefore, we experimentally contrast programming practice with example-based reflection to observe their differential impact on conceptual learning and performance on a hands-on task ...