Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

Top-down nanotechnology represents a traditional approach to nanofabrication, contrasting with the atom-by-atom assembly characteristic of bottom-up methods. This technique involves starting with a ...

Moreover, in both the current and former governments, there has been some mixture of a trickle-down and bottom-up approach. For example, rural electrification in which homes and businesses in the ...