The major safety concerns in the top-down approach include TB, opportunistic infections, neutralizing antidrug antibody formation, autoimmunity, malignancy, lymphoma, cardiovascular or ...

The top-down approach relies heavily on photolithography, a process where light is used to transfer geometric patterns from a mask to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist on the substrate.

Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...