But new research from the James Webb Space Telescope, a collaboration of NASA and its European and Canadian counterparts, is forcing scientists to rethink how galaxies formed in the early universe. A team has discovered three ultra-massive galaxies near the beginning of time,

A new study suggests galaxies in the early universe appear much larger and brighter than expected, precisely as predicted by modified Newtonian dynamics, or MOND.

The standard model for how galaxies formed in the early universe predicted that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) would see dim signals from small, primitive galaxies. But data are not confirming the popular hypothesis that invisible dark matter helped the earliest stars and galaxies clump together.