The Quantum Divide: Bosons, Fermions, and Beyond For nearly a century, physicists have relied on a simple distinction to categorize particles. Bosons, like photons, happily pile together in the ...

Fundamental particles fall within two camps—fermions or bosons—but a new study suggests that hypothetical paraparticles could exist in a kind of inbetween. Although technically quasiparticles ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

Majorana fermions are theoretical particles predicted by the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. Unlike traditional fermions that have distinct antiparticle counterparts, Majorana fermions are ...

This book presents a comprehensive and coherent account of the theory of quantum fields on a lattice, an essential technique for the study of the strong and the electroweak interactions of elementary ...

We think of matter as being made up from three main particles – protons, neutrons and electrons. However the full set of matter particles is the fermions. This has a much greater variety of sub ...